For example, MLA style requires you to provide the page number of your citation in-text, but not the year, while APA style asks you to place a comma between author and year. Slight but important mechanical differences exist among in-text citation practices, in particular when you are trying to conform to a specific style, such as MLA (Modern Language Association) or APA (American Psychological Association). In the following example, a document authored by a governmental agency is identified by a shortened form of its name:Ĭoordinated measurements planned in the framework of the original program should help to explain the apparent discrepancies in the data (PRIMO document, 1989). If such a title is lengthy enough to be awkward, offer a clear shortened form of the title, with the goal of making it easy for us to find the source on the references page. Handle these cases just as you would when citing print sources-that is, if no author’s name is given in the original, offer the title of the web page, or the publication’s title, or the publisher’s name. When citing web-based sources in your text, you will often encounter sources with no author listed. If you use two or more articles written by the same author(s) in the same year, you distinguish between the documents in your text and on your references page by using an "a,b,c" system, providing an identifying letter after the year: Many writers identify the source as soon as they begin the reference, including the author’s name directly in the text and supplying only the year in parentheses:įurlong et al. In recent decades, anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, desertification, and urbanization have significantly altered the land surface (Nicholson 2007). Since the citation becomes part of your sentence, you delay the appropriate punctuation until after the parentheses: Your basic job when using this system is to indicate right in the text-in parentheses-the author(s) and year of publication of the reference you are citing. Fields that have ties to the liberal arts, such as geography, human development, and political science, tend to favor the author-year system.
The author-year system of documentation is used more on the undergraduate level than the graduate.
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